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Other causes of wasting include malnutrition, chronic diarrhea, tuberculosis, and cancer—all of which require urgent diagnosis and treatment. Weight loss is common in people living with HIV during the advanced stages of the disease. Sore throat and dry cough can be symptoms of early HIV infection, but they also appear in later stages of HIV. In later stages, these are persistent symptoms that do not resolve with medications such as inhalers or antibiotics. They are often related to secondary lung infections, which are common in the later stages of HIV.

Having a sexually transmitted infection (STI) means there is a chance you may have HIV as well. Some STIs like syphilis and herpes cause open sores that make it easier for HIV to get inside the body. A persistent cough is always a reason to see your healthcare provider, especially if it gets worse over time. Having oral thrush does not automatically mean that you have HIV, but it could be a sign that you should get tested if you are at risk. A rash is often the first sign of HIV, but it only appears in two of every five newly infected people. The lymph nodes of the armpits, neck, groin, or behind the ear may get bigger.

If you do get a fever, you will likely also have other flu-like symptoms. This is because your immune system is reacting to the virus as it replicates and moves through your system. The story of HIV/AIDS is far from over, but there is reason for optimism. Researchers are pursuing vaccines, long-acting injectable treatments, and even potential cures. Clinical trials are exploring gene-editing technologies and immune-based therapies that could one day eliminate the virus from the body.

Early symptoms of HIV

Some people also experience gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms during the early stage of HIV.
For the best treatment outcomes, it is best to start treatment as soon as you are diagnosed with HIV.
Many HIV symptoms, particularly the most severe ones, arise from opportunistic infections.
HIV may not cause any other symptoms for up to 10 or even 15 years.
If you’re taking ART, you might stay in this phase for decades.

You can have an HIV infection with few or no symptoms for years before it turns into AIDS. AIDS is diagnosed when the CD4 T cell count falls below 200 or you have a complication you get only if you have AIDS, such as a serious infection or cancer. Better antiviral treatments have greatly decreased deaths from AIDS worldwide. Thanks to these lifesaving treatments, most people with HIV in the U.S. today don’t get AIDS. Untreated, HIV most often turns into AIDS in about 8 to 10 years. The symptoms of HIV and AIDS vary depending on the person and the phase of infection.

You may experience a persistent headache that can range from mild to severe. The only way to know for sure if you have HIV is to get tested. You can’t rely on symptoms to tell whether you have HIV.

A Human Perspective

You can’t become infected with HIV through casual contact. That means you can’t catch HIV or get AIDS by hugging, kissing, dancing or shaking hands with someone who has the infection. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends everybody between the ages of 13 to 64 gets tested for HIV at least once. Having syphilis can increase your risk of HIV by as much as 500%. You should be tested for HIV if you test positive for any STI. You may get tired much faster than usual and you may feel out of breath even after light activity.

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The symptoms of HIV vary depending on the stage of infection. Because of this, HIV will not always show up in a test at this early stage, so your healthcare worker will talk to you about when you should test for HIV. This may be up to three months after you were exposed to HIV. You will need to test up to two more times to confirm your result. The only way to know if you have HIV is by taking an HIV test. Visit your healthcare provider and they can arrange for you to get tested.

Even as the other signs of the acute HIV infection go away, swollen lymph nodes can persist in some people for many weeks or months. However, the virus will still bitit review be active, infecting new cells and making copies of itself. If left untreated, HIV infection will cause severe damage to the immune system.

Medical Professionals

When it comes to HIV transmission, it’s important to know what early symptoms to look for. Early detection of HIV can help ensure prompt treatment to control the virus and prevent progression into stage 3 HIV. An HIV test is the only way to know if you or anyone else has HIV or not. If you’re worried you could get exposed to HIV or are at risk of an infection, take steps to protect yourself. Ask your doctor if you should think about pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), which means you’d take HIV medicine to prevent an infection. But they usually look like many other viral illnesses.

Thanks to treatment, most people in the U.S. don’t get AIDS. If you take these medications and have healthy habits, your HIV infection probably won’t get worse. It is considered “opportunistic” because it takes the opportunity to infect a person when their immune system is weak.

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This means that you may have symptoms, but they are being caused by other infections or illnesses you are more prone to getting when you have HIV.
Without treatment, the number of CD4 cells will drop, and you’ll be more likely to get other infections.
By attacking the virus from multiple angles, ART reduces the viral load to undetectable levels.
You can’t become infected with HIV through casual contact.

Swollen lymph nodes may hurt or be tender to the touch. Headache and fatigue can also be symptoms of later-stage HIV. Don’t assume you have HIV just because you have any of these symptoms—they can be similar to those caused by other illnesses. But if you think you may have been exposed to HIV, get an HIV test.

Some symptoms appear in the early stage of HIV, while others show up in later stages. Not everyone will experience symptoms early on, or have the same symptoms at the same stage. The primary treatment for HIV is antiretroviral therapy, or ART.

How does HIV become AIDS?

HIV/AIDS teaches us that health is not just about biology—it is about justice, resilience, and the power of community. It shows us that even in the face of one of history’s deadliest pandemics, humanity can innovate, adapt, and hope. A diagnosis of HIV is not only a medical matter—it carries profound emotional, social, and cultural implications. While treatment is vital, prevention remains the most effective weapon against HIV/AIDS. One of the cruelest aspects of HIV is that it can remain silent for years while still damaging the immune system. Without HIV treatment, everyone will get severe symptoms eventually.

Other infections

The stages of HIV infection are acute infection (also known as primary infection), latency, and AIDS. The latency stage involves few or no symptoms and can last anywhere from two weeks to twenty years or more, depending on the individual. Within 2 to 4 weeks after exposure, many people experience flu-like symptoms such as fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and rash. This is called acute HIV infection and represents the body’s initial immune response.

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